Science in telegram 🕘 история названий (1)

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💡 Scientists Made a Semiconductor That Can Be Reprogrammed With Light Most computer chips are born with a fixed job. Once a semiconductor is fabricated, its electrical properties are largely locked in. Researchers at Princeton have now created an ultrathin semiconductor — only a few molecules thick — that can repeatedly change how it conducts electricity in response to different wavelengths of light. The effect is reversible, meaning the material can be programmed, erased and programmed again. The team achieved this by combining a two-dimensional semiconductor with light-sensitive molecules that physically change shape when illuminated. Those molecular changes alter the semiconductor’s electronic and optical behavior. And unlike a simple binary switch, the response can be adjusted gradually rather than just flipped between “0” and “1.” The researchers have already produced uniform samples about one inch across and built arrays of programmable electronic switches. Their next goal is to connect them into functioning circuits. The broader idea is striking: instead of manufacturing a chip for one fixed purpose, future electronics might be able to change their own physical behavior after they are built. Software is already reprogrammable. Now the hardware itself is starting to learn the trick. #Semiconductors #Computing #MaterialsScience #Photonics #Technology #Science https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aee1510

🧠 Depression May Disrupt the Adult Brain’s Ability to Make New Neurons For decades, scientists have suspected that depression may interfere with neurogenesis — the formation of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Most of the strongest evidence, however, came from animal studies. Now researchers have found evidence of the same process directly in human brains. The team analyzed nearly 500,000 individual cell nuclei from hippocampal tissue donated by people with major depressive disorder and people without psychiatric illness. Using single-cell gene sequencing, chromatin analysis, spatial transcriptomics and protein measurements, they reconstructed what is effectively a molecular atlas of the hippocampus. They found a lineage of cells consistent with ongoing adult neurogenesis — but in people with depression, that developmental process appeared to stall before new neurons fully matured. The surrounding hippocampal circuitry also showed signs of inflammation, cellular stress, disrupted synaptic plasticity, altered metabolism and an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling. The finding could help explain something particularly characteristic of depression: the tendency for negative memories and experiences to dominate. New hippocampal neurons are thought to contribute to pattern separation — our ability to distinguish a new experience from similar memories in the past. There is an important caveat: this study shows an association in post-mortem human brains. It does not prove that reduced neurogenesis causes depression, nor does it mean simply increasing neuron production would cure it. But it moves one long-standing theory of depression from animal experiments much closer to human biology. Depression may not simply change how neurons communicate. It may change how the brain renews itself. #Neuroscience #Depression #Brain #Neurogenesis #MentalHealth #Science https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-026-04571-8

💥 CERN Just Created a Tiny Version of the Early Universe Physicists at the Large Hadron Collider have recreated the strange state of matter that filled the Universe shortly after the Big Bang — using atomic nuclei much smaller than researchers once thought would be sufficient. The ALICE experiment smashed oxygen-16 and neon-20 nuclei together at enormous energies. The collisions produced evidence of collective hydrodynamic flow consistent with tiny droplets of quark–gluon plasma — the ultra-hot state in which quarks and gluons are no longer confined inside protons and neutrons. But the most elegant part came afterward. The particles emerging from the miniature fireballs still carried information about the shape of the nuclei that created them. Oxygen produced a more rounded flow pattern, while neon generated a distinctly elongated signal — reflecting its predicted bowling-pin-like nuclear shape. That means the same experiment can probe two extremes at once: matter as it behaved during the Universe’s first microseconds, and the tiny internal geometry of atomic nuclei. Next, researchers want to go smaller still — potentially testing helium nuclei to discover just how tiny a system can be while still behaving like a liquid made of free quarks and gluons. The Universe once existed in this state everywhere. At CERN, it now survives for only a fraction of a fraction of a second. #CERN #Physics #BigBang #QuarkGluonPlasma #ParticlePhysics #Science https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/gymp-vp87⁠

🧠 Singapore Just Opened a Data Center Powered by Living Human Neurons This sounds like science fiction, but it went live on July 16. Australian startup Cortical Labs, together with the National University of Singapore and data-center operator DayOne, has launched a biological computing facility where part of the processing is performed not by GPUs — but by living human neurons grown in a lab. Inside are 20 CL1 biological computers. Each contains at least 200,000 neurons grown on a silicon chip covered with electrodes. The neurons originate from human blood cells that are reprogrammed into stem cells and then differentiated into neurons. And yes, the computers have to be fed. Every three days, technicians supply the cells with sugar, micronutrients and pH buffers, while a life-support system regulates oxygen, nitrogen and CO₂. The strange part is that these neurons can actually learn. Cortical Labs’ earlier DishBrain experiment showed human and mouse neurons learning to play Pong, with measurable learning appearing within just minutes. Earlier this year, developer Sean Cole connected around 200,000 human neurons to DOOM — allowing them to navigate the game and shoot at enemies. Biology is nowhere near silicon in raw speed. But it has another advantage: efficiency. A CL1 consumes around 30 watts. An NVIDIA H100 SXM can draw up to 700 W, while an eight-H100 server may consume roughly 10 kW including supporting hardware. Cortical Labs also argues that biological neural networks may learn from far smaller datasets — closer to how humans adapt from limited experience. Access to one CL1 currently costs about $2,200 per month. Cortical Labs already operates 120 units in Melbourne with around 20 paying customers, and Singapore could eventually expand to 1,000 biological computers. So no, neurons aren’t replacing GPUs tomorrow. But we have officially reached the stage where a data center needs electricity, an internet connection… and food. Cyberpunk is becoming an engineering discipline. #Biocomputing #Neuroscience #AI #DataCenters #CorticalLabs https://www.straitstimes.com/tech/forget-silicon-chip-servers-singapores-newest-data-centre-needs-to-be-fed

🤖 AI Found 15 Cancers That Radiologists Had Missed A new clinical study offers a glimpse of what medical AI may actually be best at: not replacing doctors, but quietly checking their work. Researchers deployed an AI system called LiON alongside radiologists reading contrast-enhanced CT scans in routine hospital practice. In a prospective trial involving 10,333 patients, the system flagged 51 liver lesions that had initially been overlooked. Fifteen of them turned out to be malignant. The alerts were not merely theoretical. They led doctors to amend 37 radiology reports, send 22 cases for multidisciplinary review, and change clinical management for some patients. Before the live trial, LiON had been trained on 6,443 patients and validated retrospectively on another 22,251. The important nuance is that this was not a randomized trial comparing AI-assisted doctors against doctors alone, and the study did not show that the system improves survival. The researchers themselves say larger prospective comparative studies across different healthcare systems are still needed. But this is a meaningful step beyond “AI beats doctors on a test set.” Here, the algorithm sat inside an actual clinical workflow — and found cancers that humans had missed. Perhaps the most useful medical AI will not be the doctor in the room. It will be the second pair of eyes that never gets tired. #AI #Medicine #Cancer #Radiology #MedicalAI #Science https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-026-04589-y⁠

🧬 A Personalized mRNA Cancer Vaccine Has Passed Its Biggest Test Yet For the first time, a personalized mRNA cancer therapy has succeeded in a Phase 3 clinical trial — the final major testing stage before regulators can consider approval. The treatment, called intismeran autogene, is not an off-the-shelf vaccine. Doctors sequence each patient’s tumour, identify mutations unique to their cancer, and manufacture an individual mRNA therapy encoding up to 34 of those tumour-specific targets. The goal is essentially to give the immune system a personalized wanted poster for the cancer. In the trial, 1,137 people with stage IIB–IV melanoma whose tumours had been completely removed received either the personalized mRNA therapy plus the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab (Keytruda), or pembrolizumab alone. The combination produced statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in both recurrence-free survival and distant-metastasis-free survival. No new safety signal was reported. There is an important caveat: the companies have so far announced only top-line Phase 3 results. They have not yet released the detailed numbers, and it is not yet known whether the treatment ultimately extends overall survival. The therapy also remains investigational and has not been approved. But the principle is now much harder to dismiss. Instead of finding one cancer vaccine that works for everyone, medicine may be able to manufacture a different vaccine for each individual tumour. Cancer is personal. The vaccine might have to be too. #Cancer #mRNA #Melanoma #Immunotherapy #Biotechnology #Medicine #Science

🌌 Scientists May Have Seen “Empty” Space Bend Light Almost 90 years ago, quantum theory made a bizarre prediction: a perfect vacuum is not truly empty. Under an unimaginably strong magnetic field, empty space itself should behave a little like a transparent material — changing the way light passes through it. Now astronomers may finally have seen the effect in nature. Researchers studied 1E 1547.0−5408, a magnetar — an ultra-dense neutron star with a surface magnetic field above 100 trillion gauss. Using NASA’s IXPE X-ray telescope together with NICER and Australia’s Parkes/Murriyang radio telescope, the team measured extraordinarily polarized X-rays: about 65% at 2 keV, rising to nearly 80% during parts of the star’s rotation. Ordinary models struggled to reproduce what they saw. But when the researchers included vacuum birefringence — a prediction of quantum electrodynamics in which extreme magnetic fields make the quantum vacuum refract different polarizations of light differently — the observations fell naturally into place. The idea goes back to work by Werner Heisenberg and Hans Euler in the 1930s. In modern quantum field theory, even a vacuum contains fluctuating quantum fields, and extreme magnetic fields can alter how photons propagate through them. This is not yet considered a definitive detection. The researchers say more observations and improved simulations are needed to rule out competing explanations. But if confirmed, the result would turn one of the strangest properties of quantum theory into something astronomers can actually observe across the Galaxy. Empty space, apparently, may not be very empty at all. #Physics #QuantumPhysics #Magnetar #Astronomy #QED #Science https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10859-z

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🌌 Astronomers Found the Remains of a Galaxy the Milky Way Ate 12 Billion Years Ago The Milky Way did not grow up quietly. Astronomers have found strong evidence that our Galaxy swallowed a substantial dwarf galaxy about 12.3 billion years ago — when the Universe was still very young. The merger happened roughly 1.8 billion years before the better-known Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus collision, previously one of the earliest major events firmly traced in the Milky Way’s history. The clue came from globular clusters — ancient, densely packed groups of stars that preserve a kind of archaeological record of the Galaxy. Using extremely precise Hubble Space Telescope measurements, researchers identified a third distinct age-and-metallicity sequence among clusters in the inner Milky Way. That sequence points to a separate progenitor galaxy with a stellar mass of about 500 million Suns. The team named the lost galaxy Low-energy-Kraken-Heracles, or LKH. Most of its stars appear to have been deposited within the inner 6,000 parsecs of the Milky Way, where their original identity has long since been erased by billions of years of mixing. In other words, parts of the night sky above us may be made from the remains of another galaxy that disappeared before Earth existed. Galaxies do not simply form. They assemble themselves by consuming one another. #MilkyWay #Astronomy #Hubble #Galaxies #Cosmology #Science https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-026-02931-5